Problem Statement

There are N bags of biscuits. The i-th bag contains A_i biscuits.

Takaki will select some of these bags and eat all of the biscuits inside. Here, it is also possible to select all or none of the bags.

He would like to select bags so that the total number of biscuits inside is congruent to P modulo 2. How many such ways to select bags there are?

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 50
• P = 0 or 1
• 1 \leq A_i \leq 100

Sample Input 1

2 0
1 3

Sample Output 1

2

There are two ways to select bags so that the total number of biscuits inside is congruent to 0 modulo 2:

• Select neither bag. The total number of biscuits is 0.
• Select both bags. The total number of biscuits is 4.

Sample Input 2

1 1
50

Sample Output 2

0

Sample Input 3

3 0
1 1 1

Sample Output 3

4

Two bags are distinguished even if they contain the same number of biscuits.

Sample Input 4

45 1
17 55 85 55 74 20 90 67 40 70 39 89 91 50 16 24 14 43 24 66 25 9 89 71 41 16 53 13 61 15 85 72 62 67 42 26 36 66 4 87 59 91 4 25 26

Sample Output 4

17592186044416

Problem Statement

There are N squares in a row. The leftmost square contains the integer A, and the rightmost contains the integer B. The other squares are empty.

Aohashi would like to fill the empty squares with integers so that the following condition is satisfied:

• For any two adjacent squares, the (absolute) difference of the two integers in those squares is between C and D (inclusive).

As long as the condition is satisfied, it is allowed to use arbitrarily large or small integers to fill the squares. Determine whether it is possible to fill the squares under the condition.

Constraints

• 3 \leq N \leq 500000
• 0 \leq A \leq 10^9
• 0 \leq B \leq 10^9
• 0 \leq C \leq D \leq 10^9
• All input values are integers.

Sample Input 1

5 1 5 2 4

Sample Output 1

YES

For example, fill the squares with the following integers: 1, -1, 3, 7, 5, from left to right.

Sample Input 2

4 7 6 4 5

Sample Output 2

NO

Sample Input 3

48792 105960835 681218449 90629745 90632170

Sample Output 3

NO

Sample Input 4

491995 412925347 825318103 59999126 59999339

Sample Output 4

YES

Problem Statement

There are N balls in a row. Initially, the i-th ball from the left has the integer A_i written on it.

When Snuke cast a spell, the following happens:

• Let the current number of balls be k. All the balls with k written on them disappear at the same time.

Snuke's objective is to vanish all the balls by casting the spell some number of times. This may not be possible as it is. If that is the case, he would like to modify the integers on the minimum number of balls to make his objective achievable.

By the way, the integers on these balls sometimes change by themselves. There will be M such changes. In the j-th change, the integer on the X_j-th ball from the left will change into Y_j.

After each change, find the minimum number of modifications of integers on the balls Snuke needs to make if he wishes to achieve his objective before the next change occurs. We will assume that he is quick enough in modifying integers. Here, note that he does not actually perform those necessary modifications and leaves them as they are.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 200000
• 1 \leq M \leq 200000
• 1 \leq A_i \leq N
• 1 \leq X_j \leq N
• 1 \leq Y_j \leq N

Subscore

• In the test set worth 500 points, N \leq 200 and M \leq 200.

Sample Input 1

5 3
1 1 3 4 5
1 2
2 5
5 4

Sample Output 1

0
1
1

• After the first change, the integers on the balls become 2, 1, 3, 4, 5, from left to right. Here, all the balls can be vanished by casting the spell five times. Thus, no modification is necessary.
• After the second change, the integers on the balls become 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, from left to right. In this case, at least one modification must be made. One optimal solution is to modify the integer on the fifth ball from the left to 2, and cast the spell four times.
• After the third change, the integers on the balls become 2, 5, 3, 4, 4, from left to right. Also in this case, at least one modification must be made. One optimal solution is to modify the integer on the third ball from the left to 2, and cast the spell three times.

Sample Input 2

4 4
4 4 4 4
4 1
3 1
1 1
2 1

Sample Output 2

0
1
2
3

Sample Input 3

10 10
8 7 2 9 10 6 6 5 5 4
8 1
6 3
6 2
7 10
9 7
9 9
2 4
8 1
1 8
7 7

Sample Output 3

1
0
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
2

Problem Statement

There is a tree with N vertices numbered 1, 2, ..., N. The edges of the tree are denoted by (x_i, y_i).

On this tree, Alice and Bob play a game against each other. Starting from Alice, they alternately perform the following operation:

• Select an existing edge and remove it from the tree, disconnecting it into two separate connected components. Then, remove the component that does not contain Vertex 1.

A player loses the game when he/she is unable to perform the operation. Determine the winner of the game assuming that both players play optimally.

Constraints

• 2 \leq N \leq 100000
• 1 \leq x_i, y_i \leq N
• The given graph is a tree.

Sample Input 1

5
1 2
2 3
2 4
4 5

Sample Output 1

Alice

If Alice first removes the edge connecting Vertices 1 and 2, the tree becomes a single vertex tree containing only Vertex 1. Since there is no edge anymore, Bob cannot perform the operation and Alice wins.

Sample Input 2

5
1 2
2 3
1 4
4 5

Sample Output 2

Bob

Sample Input 3

6
1 2
2 4
5 1
6 3
3 2

Sample Output 3

Alice

Sample Input 4

7
1 2
3 7
4 6
2 3
2 4
1 5

Sample Output 4

Bob

Problem Statement

We have N irregular jigsaw pieces. Each piece is composed of three rectangular parts of width 1 and various heights joined together. More specifically:

• The i-th piece is a part of height H, with another part of height A_i joined to the left, and yet another part of height B_i joined to the right, as shown below. Here, the bottom sides of the left and right parts are respectively at C_i and D_i units length above the bottom side of the center part.

Snuke is arranging these pieces on a square table of side 10^{100}. Here, the following conditions must be held:

• All pieces must be put on the table.
• The entire bottom side of the center part of each piece must touch the front side of the table.
• The entire bottom side of the non-center parts of each piece must either touch the front side of the table, or touch the top side of a part of some other piece.
• The pieces must not be rotated or flipped.

Determine whether such an arrangement is possible.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 100000
• 1 \leq H \leq 200
• 1 \leq A_i \leq H
• 1 \leq B_i \leq H
• 0 \leq C_i \leq H - A_i
• 0 \leq D_i \leq H - B_i
• All input values are integers.

Sample Input 1

3 4
1 1 0 0
2 2 0 1
3 3 1 0

Sample Output 1

YES

The figure below shows a possible arrangement.

Sample Input 2

4 2
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1

Sample Output 2

NO

Sample Input 3

10 4
1 1 0 3
2 3 2 0
1 2 3 0
2 1 0 0
3 2 0 2
1 1 3 0
3 2 0 0
1 3 2 0
1 1 1 3
2 3 0 0

Sample Output 3

YES

Problem Statement

There are N(N+1)/2 dots arranged to form an equilateral triangle whose sides consist of N dots, as shown below. The j-th dot from the left in the i-th row from the top is denoted by (i, j) (1 \leq i \leq N, 1 \leq j \leq i). Also, we will call (i+1, j) immediately lower-left to (i, j), and (i+1, j+1) immediately lower-right to (i, j).

Takahashi is drawing M polygonal lines L_1, L_2, ..., L_M by connecting these dots. Each L_i starts at (1, 1), and visits the dot that is immediately lower-left or lower-right to the current dots N-1 times. More formally, there exist X_{i,1}, ..., X_{i,N} such that:

• L_i connects the N points (1, X_{i,1}), (2, X_{i,2}), ..., (N, X_{i,N}), in this order.
• For each j=1, 2, ..., N-1, either X_{i,j+1} = X_{i,j} or X_{i,j+1} = X_{i,j}+1 holds.

Takahashi would like to draw these lines so that no part of L_{i+1} is to the left of L_{i}. That is, for each j=1, 2, ..., N, X_{1,j} \leq X_{2,j} \leq ... \leq X_{M,j} must hold.

Additionally, there are K conditions on the shape of the lines that must be followed. The i-th condition is denoted by (A_i, B_i, C_i), which means:

• If C_i=0, L_{A_i} must visit the immediately lower-left dot for the B_i-th move.
• If C_i=1, L_{A_i} must visit the immediately lower-right dot for the B_i-th move.

That is, X_{A_i, {B_i}+1} = X_{A_i, B_i} + C_i must hold.

In how many ways can Takahashi draw M polygonal lines? Find the count modulo 1000000007.

Notes

Before submission, it is strongly recommended to measure the execution time of your code using "Custom Test".

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 20
• 1 \leq M \leq 20
• 0 \leq K \leq (N-1)M
• 1 \leq A_i \leq M
• 1 \leq B_i \leq N-1
• C_i = 0 or 1
• No pair appears more than once as (A_i, B_i).

Sample Input 1

3 2 1
1 2 0

Sample Output 1

6

There are six ways to draw lines, as shown below. Here, red lines represent L_1, and green lines represent L_2.

Sample Input 2

3 2 2
1 1 1
2 1 0

Sample Output 2

0

Sample Input 3

5 4 2
1 3 1
4 2 0

Sample Output 3

172

Sample Input 4

20 20 0

Sample Output 4

881396682